The next generation of irradiation and corrosion resistant steels for fusion reactor

The United Kingdom is committed to achieving net zero (i.e. net zero carbon emissions) by 2050. This has triggered renewed interest in clean, low emission nuclear power. Due to the difficulties associated with nuclear waste storage and treatment, the high cost of nuclear fuel, and issues associated with nuclear proliferation the potential for fusion energy is very attractive. However, the extremely harsh working environment associated with nuclear fusion reactors related to high neutron irradiation, temperatures in excess of 1000℃, and high magnetic fields (>10T), is challenging the materials’ design.

This is especially so for the first wall and breeder blanket because it is directly in contact with the plasma and protects the outer vessel components from radiation damage. Moreover, the blanket is a heat-absorbing component inside the reactor, surrounding the plasma inside the vacuum vessel to protect other components from extreme heat. In addition, the blanket plays a pivotal role in capturing heat energy from the neutrons and generating fusion fuel. A cooling system is required to avoid damaging vital components of the reactor while making sure the core of the device continues to operate at high temperatures and reaches efficient energy generation. This requires a better understanding of the synergistic effects of helium and neutron irradiation on the thermo-mechanical properties across the entire temperature range experienced by the first wall and blanket. However, the operating conditions of fusion reactors are complex. They include stresses from the magnetic field, primary loads such as coolant pressure, and secondary loads from thermal gradients. Simulating these service conditions presents a significant challenge.

The objective of this Ph.D. project is firstly to develop experimental methods to realistically simulate operational conditions and thereby to investigate the effect of service conditions on the microstructures of high-temperature stable nanoscale precipitates and ultra-fine grains in reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels. These steels are the preferred structural material for the first-wall cladding structure in nuclear fusion reactors. This project will exploit the state of the art microstructural characterisation facilities at Manchester and within the Royce Institute. For example, heavy-ion irradiation will be used as a surrogate for neutron damage, combined with various He implantations. Thus, the project will enable investigation into the effect of service conditions on the microstructures of high-temperature stable nanoscale precipitates and ultra-fine grains in RAFM steels. These findings will serve as guiding principles for designing new, processable RAFM steels. Ultimately, this project aims to support the UK’s position as a global leader in fusion reactor development.

Eligibility

Applicants should have, or expect to achieve, at least a 2.1 honours degree or a master’s degree (or international equivalent) in a relevant science or engineering discipline. We are seeking highly motivated UK nationals with a background in materials science, physics, mechanical engineering, or related fields. Strong analytical skills and a passion for nuclear engineering are essential. Candidates should have a keen interest in experimental work and a willingness to learn new analytical techniques. While a background in materials science, metallurgy, or a related discipline is preferred, training opportunities are available in the early stages of the project for candidates with relevant experience in other fields.

English Language requirements: For example, IELTS 6.5 overall, with at least 6.0 in writing and listening and 5.5 in reading and speaking. For other examples of accepted English qualifications, and to check if we can waive the requirement, please see English Language certificate.

Before you apply

We strongly recommend that you contact the supervisors for this project before you apply.

How to apply

Apply online through our website: https://uom.link/pgr-apply-fap

When applying, you’ll need to specify the full name of this project, the name of your supervisor, if you already having funding or if you wish to be considered for available funding through the university, details of your previous study, and names and contact details of two referees.

Your application will not be processed without all of the required documents submitted at the time of application, and we cannot accept responsibility for late or missed deadlines. Incomplete applications will not be considered.

After you have applied you will be asked to upload the following supporting documents:

• Final Transcript and certificates of all awarded university level qualifications
• Interim Transcript of any university level qualifications in progress
• CV
• Supporting statement: A one or two page statement outlining your motivation to pursue postgraduate research and why you want to undertake postgraduate research at Manchester, any relevant research or work experience, the key findings of your previous research experience, and techniques and skills you’ve developed. (This is mandatory for all applicants and the application will be put on hold without it).
• Contact details for two referees (please make sure that the contact email you provide is an official university/work email address as we may need to verify the reference)
• English Language certificate (if applicable)

If you have any questions about making an application, please contact our admissions team by emailing [email protected]

Equality, diversity and inclusion is fundamental to the success of The University of Manchester, and is at the heart of all of our activities. We know that diversity strengthens our research community, leading to enhanced research creativity, productivity and quality, and societal and economic impact.

We actively encourage applicants from diverse career paths and backgrounds and from all sections of the community, regardless of age, disability, ethnicity, gender, gender expression, sexual orientation and transgender status.

We also support applications from those returning from a career break or other roles. We consider offering flexible study arrangements (including part-time: 50%, 60% or 80%, depending on the project/funder).